资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)
Iron \I"ron\ ([imac]"[u^]rn), n. [OE. iren, AS. [=i]ren,
[=i]sen, [=i]sern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. [=i]sarn, OHG.
[=i]sarn, [=i]san, G. eisen, Icel. [=i]sarn, j[=a]rn, Sw. &
Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn,
Armor. houarn.]
1. (Chem.) The most common and most useful metallic element,
being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form
of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous
oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an
enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron,
steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown,
from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh
surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized
(rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive
agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9.
Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In
magnetic properties, it is superior to all other
substances.
Note: The value of iron is largely due to the facility with
which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is
malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and
forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is
easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when
tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is
grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of
iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less
that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by
roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from
cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer
converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly
from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and
generating furnace).
2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; -- chiefly in
composition; as, a flatiron, a smoothing iron, etc.
My young soldier, put up your iron. --Shak.
3. pl. Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles.
Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.
--Macaulay.
4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as, to rule with
a rod of iron.
{Bar iron}. See {Wrought iron} (below).
{Bog iron}, bog ore; limonite. See {Bog ore}, under {Bog}.
{Cast iron} (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing
from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is
united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest
is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free
carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon
has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See
also {Cast iron}, in the Vocabulary.
{Fire irons}. See under {Fire}, n.
{Gray irons}. See under {Fire}, n.
{Gray iron}. See {Cast iron} (above).
{It irons} (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in
tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill
away on either tack.
{Magnetic iron}. See {Magnetite}.
{Malleable iron} (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to
be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a
kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon
or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less
brittle, and to some extent malleable.
{Meteoric iron} (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the
chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a
small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. {Meteorite}.
{Pig iron}, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast
furnace, being run into molds, called pigs.
{Reduced iron}. See under {Reduced}.
{Specular iron}. See {Hematite}.
{Too many irons in the fire}, too many objects requiring the
attention at once.
{White iron}. See {Cast iron} (above).
{Wrought iron} (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly
known in the arts, containing only about half of one per
cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore,
as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying
(puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or
refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed
into bars, it is called bar iron.
{White elm} (Bot.), a majestic tree of North America ({Ulmus
Americana}), the timber of which is much used for hubs of
wheels, and for other purposes.
{White ensign}. See {Saint George's ensign}, under {Saint}.
{White feather}, a mark or symbol of cowardice. See {To show
the white feather}, under {Feather}, n.
{White fir} (Bot.), a name given to several coniferous trees
of the Pacific States, as {Abies grandis}, and {A.
concolor}.
{White flesher} (Zo["o]l.), the ruffed grouse. See under
{Ruffed}. [Canada]
{White frost}. See {Hoarfrost}.
{White game} (Zo["o]l.), the white ptarmigan.
{White garnet} (Min.), leucite.
{White grass} (Bot.), an American grass ({Leersia Virginica})
with greenish-white pale[ae].
{White grouse}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The white ptarmigan.
(b) The prairie chicken. [Local, U. S.]
{White grub} (Zo["o]l.), the larva of the June bug and other
allied species. These grubs eat the roots of grasses and
other plants, and often do much damage.
{White hake} (Zo["o]l.), the squirrel hake. See under
{Squirrel}.
{White hawk}, or {kite} (Zo["o]l.), the hen harrier.
{White heat}, the temperature at which bodies become
incandescent, and appear white from the bright light which
they emit.
{White hellebore} (Bot.), a plant of the genus {Veratrum}
({V. album}) See {Hellebore}, 2.
{White herring}, a fresh, or unsmoked, herring, as
distinguished from a red, or cured, herring. [R.] --Shak.
{White hoolet} (Zo["o]l.), the barn owl. [Prov. Eng.]
{White horses} (Naut.), white-topped waves; whitecaps.
{The White House}. See under {House}.
{White ibis} (Zo["o]l.), an American ibis ({Guara alba})
having the plumage pure white, except the tips of the
wings, which are black. It inhabits tropical America and
the Southern United States. Called also {Spanish curlew}.
{White iron}.
(a) Thin sheets of iron coated with tin; tinned iron.
(b) A hard, silvery-white cast iron containing a large
proportion of combined carbon.
{White iron pyrites} (Min.), marcasite.
{White land}, a tough clayey soil, of a whitish hue when dry,
but blackish after rain. [Eng.]
{White lark} (Zo["o]l.), the snow bunting.
{White lead}.
(a) A carbonate of lead much used in painting, and for
other purposes; ceruse.
(b) (Min.) Native lead carbonate; cerusite.
{White leather}, buff leather; leather tanned with alum and
salt.
{White leg} (Med.), milk leg. See under {Milk}.
{White lettuce} (Bot.), rattlesnake root. See under
{Rattlesnake}.
{White lie}. See under {Lie}.
{White light}.
(a) (Physics) Light having the different colors in the
same proportion as in the light coming directly from
the sun, without having been decomposed, as by passing
through a prism. See the Note under {Color}, n., 1.
(b) A kind of firework which gives a brilliant white
illumination for signals, etc.
{White lime}, a solution or preparation of lime for
whitewashing; whitewash.
{White line} (Print.), a void space of the breadth of a line,
on a printed page; a blank line.
{White meat}.
(a) Any light-colored flesh, especially of poultry.
(b) Food made from milk or eggs, as butter, cheese, etc.
Driving their cattle continually with them, and
feeding only upon their milk and white meats.
--Spenser.
{White merganser} (Zo["o]l.), the smew.
{White metal}.
(a) Any one of several white alloys, as pewter, britannia,
etc.
(b) (Metal.) A fine grade of copper sulphide obtained at a
certain stage in copper smelting.
{White miller}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The common clothes moth.
(b) A common American bombycid moth ({Spilosoma
Virginica}) which is pure white with a few small black
spots; -- called also {ermine moth}, and {virgin
moth}. See {Woolly bear}, under {Woolly}.
{White money}, silver money.
{White mouse} (Zo["o]l.), the albino variety of the common
mouse.
{White mullet} (Zo["o]l.), a silvery mullet ({Mugil curema})
ranging from the coast of the United States to Brazil; --
called also {blue-back mullet}, and {liza}.
{White nun} (Zo["o]l.), the smew; -- so called from the white
crest and the band of black feathers on the back of its
head, which give the appearance of a hood.
{White oak}. (Bot.) See under {Oak}.
{White owl}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The snowy owl.
(b) The barn owl.
{White partridge} (Zo["o]l.), the white ptarmigan.
{White perch}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) A North American fresh-water bass ({Morone Americana})
valued as a food fish.
(b) The croaker, or fresh-water drum.
(c) Any California surf fish.
{White pine}. (Bot.) See the Note under {Pine}.
{White poplar} (Bot.), a European tree ({Populus alba}) often
cultivated as a shade tree in America; abele.
{White poppy} (Bot.), the opium-yielding poppy. See {Poppy}.
{White powder}, a kind of gunpowder formerly believed to
exist, and to have the power of exploding without noise.
[Obs.]
A pistol charged with white powder. --Beau. & Fl.
{White precipitate}. (Old Chem.) See under {Precipitate}.
{White rabbit}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The American northern hare in its winter pelage.
(b) An albino rabbit.
{White rent},
(a) (Eng. Law) Formerly, rent payable in silver; --
opposed to black rent. See {Blackmail}, n., 3.
(b) A rent, or duty, of eight pence, payable yearly by
every tinner in Devon and Cornwall to the Duke of
Cornwall, as lord of the soil. [Prov. Eng.]
{White rhinoceros}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The one-horned, or Indian, rhinoceros ({Rhinoceros
Indicus}). See {Rhinoceros}.
(b) The umhofo.
{White ribbon}, the distinctive badge of certain
organizations for the promotion of temperance or of moral
purity; as, the White-ribbon Army.
{White rope} (Naut.), untarred hemp rope.
{White rot}. (Bot.)
(a) Either of several plants, as marsh pennywort and
butterwort, which were thought to produce the disease
called rot in sheep.
(b) A disease of grapes. See {White rot}, under {Rot}.
{White sage} (Bot.), a white, woolly undershrub ({Eurotia
lanata}) of Western North America; -- called also {winter
fat}.
{White salmon} (Zo["o]l.), the silver salmon.
{White salt}, salt dried and calcined; decrepitated salt.
{White scale} (Zo["o]l.), a scale insect ({Aspidiotus Nerii})
injurious to the orange tree. See {Orange scale}, under
{Orange}.
{White shark} (Zo["o]l.), a species of man-eating shark. See
under {Shark}.
{White softening}. (Med.) See {Softening of the brain}, under
{Softening}.
{White spruce}. (Bot.) See {Spruce}, n., 1.
{White squall} (Naut.), a sudden gust of wind, or furious
blow, which comes up without being marked in its approach
otherwise than by whitecaps, or white, broken water, on
the surface of the sea.
{White staff}, the badge of the lord high treasurer of
England. --Macaulay.
{White stork} (Zo["o]l.), the common European stork.
{White sturgeon}. (Zo["o]l.) See {Shovelnose}
(d) .
{White sucker}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The common sucker.
(b) The common red horse ({Moxostoma macrolepidotum}).
{White swelling} (Med.), a chronic swelling of the knee,
produced by a strumous inflammation of the synovial
membranes of the kneejoint and of the cancellar texture of
the end of the bone forming the kneejoint; -- applied also
to a lingering chronic swelling of almost any kind.
{White tombac}. See {Tombac}.
{White trout} (Zo["o]l.), the white weakfish, or silver
squeteague ({Cynoscion nothus}), of the Southern United
States.
{White vitriol} (Chem.), hydrous sulphate of zinc. See {White
vitriol}, under {Vitriol}.
{White wagtail} (Zo["o]l.), the common, or pied, wagtail.
{White wax}, beeswax rendered white by bleaching.
{White whale} (Zo["o]l.), the beluga.
{White widgeon} (Zo["o]l.), the smew.
{White wine}. any wine of a clear, transparent color,
bordering on white, as Madeira, sherry, Lisbon, etc.; --
distinguished from wines of a deep red color, as port and
Burgundy. ``White wine of Lepe.'' --Chaucer.
{White witch}, a witch or wizard whose supernatural powers
are supposed to be exercised for good and beneficent
purposes. --Addison. --Cotton Mather.
{White wolf}. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) A light-colored wolf ({Canis laniger}) native of
Thibet; -- called also {chanco}, {golden wolf}, and
{Thibetan wolf}.
(b) The albino variety of the gray wolf.
{White wren} (Zo["o]l.), the willow warbler; -- so called
from the color of the under parts.