资料来源 : pyDict

靠,用,通过,乘坐;到…,到…时为止,在…之前;由,被,受到;靠近,接近

资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Virtue \Vir"tue\ (?; 135), n. [OE. vertu, F. vertu, L. virtus
   strength, courage, excellence, virtue, fr. vir a man. See
   {Virile}, and cf. {Virtu}.]
   1. Manly strength or courage; bravery; daring; spirit; valor.
      [Obs.] --Shak.

            Built too strong For force or virtue ever to expugn.
                                                  --Chapman.

   2. Active quality or power; capacity or power adequate to the
      production of a given effect; energy; strength; potency;
      efficacy; as, the virtue of a medicine.

            Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue
            had gone out of him, turned him about. --Mark v. 30.

            A man was driven to depend for his security against
            misunderstanding, upon the pure virtue of his
            syntax.                               --De Quincey.

            The virtue of his midnight agony.     --Keble.

   3. Energy or influence operating without contact of the
      material or sensible substance.

            She moves the body which she doth possess, Yet no
            part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. --Sir. J.
                                                  Davies.

   4. Excellence; value; merit; meritoriousness; worth.

            I made virtue of necessity.           --Chaucer.

            In the Greek poets, . . . the economy of poems is
            better observed than in Terence, who thought the
            sole grace and virtue of their fable the sticking in
            of sentences.                         --B. Jonson.

   5. Specifically, moral excellence; integrity of character;
      purity of soul; performance of duty.

            Virtue only makes our bliss below.    --Pope.

            If there's Power above us, And that there is all
            nature cries aloud Through all her works, he must
            delight in virtue.                    --Addison.

   6. A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of
      temperance, of charity, etc. ``The very virtue of
      compassion.'' --Shak. ``Remember all his virtues.''
      --Addison.

   7. Specifically: Chastity; purity; especially, the chastity
      of women; virginity.

            H. I believe the girl has virtue. M. And if she has,
            I should be the last man in the world to attempt to
            corrupt it.                           --Goldsmith.

   8. pl. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.

            Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers.
                                                  --Milton.

   {Cardinal virtues}. See under {Cardinal}, a.

   {In}, or {By}, {virtue of}, through the force of; by
      authority of. ``He used to travel through Greece by virtue
      of this fable, which procured him reception in all the
      towns.'' --Addison. ``This they shall attain, partly in
      virtue of the promise made by God, and partly in virtue of
      piety.'' --Atterbury.

   {Theological virtues}, the three virtues, faith, hope, and
      charity. See --1 Cor. xiii. 13.

By \By\ (b[imac]), prep. [OE. bi, AS. b[=i], big, near to, by,
   of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be,
   D. bij, OHG. b[=i], G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. 'amfi`.
   E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. [root]203. See pref.
   {Be-}.]
   1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from;
      close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. [1913
      Webster]

            By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them
            both.                                 --Milton.

   2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5.

            Long labors both by sea and land he bore. --Dryden.

            By land, by water, they renew the charge. --Pope.

   3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side
      of; past; as, to go by a church.

   4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty
      feet by forty.

   5. Against. [Obs.] --Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4].

   6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with
      aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city
      is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take
      by force.

   Note: To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency,
         belong, more or less closely, most of the following
         uses of the word:
      (a) It points out the author and producer; as,
          ``Waverley'', a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by
          Canova; a sonata by Beethoven.
      (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or
          thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by
          all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a
          Christian; no, by Heaven.
      (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of;
          after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his
          account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a
          model to build by.
      (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion
          of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth
          by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen,
          meat by the pound; to board by the year.
      (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or
          deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished,
          it indicates the measure of increase or diminution;
          as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen
          by a third.
      (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the
          course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night.
      (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in
          expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had
          risen; he will be here by two o'clock.

   Note: In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to,
         or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east,
         i.e., a point towards the east from the north;
         northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than
         northeast is.

   Note: With is used instead of by before the instrument with
         which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick;
         the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But
         there are many words which may be regarded as means or
         processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and
         whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter
         of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a
         reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire;
         he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them
         with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of
         his sufferings. see {With}.

   {By all means}, most assuredly; without fail; certainly.

   {By and by}.
      (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] ``Two yonge knightes
          liggyng [lying] by and by.'' --Chaucer.
      (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ``When . . . persecution
          ariseth because of the word, by and by he is
          offended.'' --Matt. xiii. 21.
      (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long.

   Note: In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of
         nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of
         emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ``soon, and
         soon,'' that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically,
         -- pretty soon, presently.

   {By one's self}, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.

   {By the bye}. See under {Bye}.

   {By the head} (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern;
      -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water
      than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the
      stern.

   {By the lee}, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she
      has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her
      stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side.

   {By the run}, to let go by the run, to let go altogether,
      instead of slacking off.

   {By the way}, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental
      or secondary remark or subject. 

   {Day by day}, {One by one}, {Piece by piece}, etc., each day,
      each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or
      separately; each severally.

   {To come by}, to get possession of; to obtain.

   {To do by}, to treat, to behave toward.

   {To set by}, to value, to esteem.

   {To stand by}, to aid, to support.

   Note: The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell,
         and would be better written good-bye, as it is a
         corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye).

By \By\, adv.
   1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no
      person by at the time.

   2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession
      has gone by; a bird flew by.

   3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by.

By \By\, a.
   Out of the common path; aside; -- used in composition, giving
   the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or
   collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as,
   by-line, by-place, by-play, by-street. It was formerly more
   freely used in composition than it is now; as, by-business,
   by-concernment, by-design, by-interest, etc.

资料来源 : WordNet®

by
     adv 1: so as to pass a given point; "every hour a train goes past"
            [syn: {past}]
     2: in reserve; not for immediate use; "started setting aside
        money to buy a car"; "put something by for her old age";
        "has a nestegg tucked away for a rainy day" [syn: {aside},
         {away}]

资料来源 : Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing

by
     
         The {country code} for Belarus.
     
        (1999-01-27)