资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Leaf \Leaf\, n.; pl. {Leaves}. [OE. leef, lef, leaf, AS.
   le['a]f; akin to S. l?f, OFries. laf, D. loof foliage, G.
   laub,OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf, Sw. l["o]f, Dan.
   l["o]v, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf. {Lodge}.]
   1. (Bot.) A colored, usually green, expansion growing from
      the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the
      use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of
      light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively
      constitute its foliage.

   Note: Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina,
         supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued
         through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs
         and veins that support the cellular texture. The
         petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each
         side of its base, which is called the stipule. The
         green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin
         epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings,
         known as stomata.

   2. (Bot.) A special organ of vegetation in the form of a
      lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a
      part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract,
      a spine, or a tendril.

   Note: In this view every part of a plant, except the root and
         the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves
         more or less modified and transformed.

   3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and
      having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger
      body by one edge or end; as :
      (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages
          upon its opposite sides.
      (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged,
          as of window shutters, folding doors, etc.
      (c) The movable side of a table.
      (d) A very thin plate; as, gold leaf.
      (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer.
      (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small.

   {Leaf beetle} (Zo["o]l.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves;
      esp., any species of the family {Chrysomelid[ae]}, as the
      potato beetle and helmet beetle.

   {Leaf bridge}, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which
      swings vertically on hinges.

   {Leaf bud} (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a
      leafy branch.

   {Leaf butterfly} (Zo["o]l.), any butterfly which, in the form
      and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants
      upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus
      {Kallima}, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies.

   {Leaf crumpler} (Zo["o]l.), a small moth ({Phycis
      indigenella}), the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the
      apple tree, and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening
      leaves together in clusters.

   {Leaf cutter} (Zo["o]l.), any one of various species of wild
      bees of the genus {Megachile}, which cut rounded pieces
      from the edges of leaves, or the petals of flowers, to be
      used in the construction of their nests, which are made in
      holes and crevices, or in a leaf rolled up for the
      purpose. Among the common American species are {M. brevis}
      and {M. centuncularis}. Called also {rose-cutting bee}.

   {Leaf fat}, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the
      body of an animal.

   {Leaf flea} (Zo["o]l.), a jumping plant louse of the family
      {Psyllid[ae]}.

   {Leaf frog} (Zo["o]l.), any tree frog of the genus
      {Phyllomedusa}.

   {Leaf green}.(Bot.) See {Chlorophyll}.

   {Leaf hopper} (Zo["o]l.), any small jumping hemipterous
      insect of the genus {Tettigonia}, and allied genera. They
      live upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See {Live
      hopper}.

   {Leaf insect} (Zo["o]l.), any one of several genera and
      species of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus
      {Phyllium}, in which the wings, and sometimes the legs,
      resemble leaves in color and form. They are common in
      Southern Asia and the East Indies.

   {Leaf lard}, lard from leaf fat. See under {Lard}.

   {Leaf louse} (Zo["o]l.), an aphid.

   {Leaf metal}, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin.
      

   {Leaf miner} (Zo["o]l.), any one of various small
      lepidopterous and dipterous insects, which, in the larval
      stages, burrow in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as,
      the pear-tree leaf miner ({Lithocolletis geminatella}).

   {Leaf notcher} (Zo["o]l.), a pale bluish green beetle
      ({Artipus Floridanus}), which, in Florida, eats the edges
      of the leaves of orange trees.

   {Leaf roller} (Zo["o]l.), the larva of any tortricid moth
      which makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of plants. See
      {Tortrix}.

   {Leaf scar} (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has
      fallen.

   {Leaf sewer} (Zo["o]l.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar
      makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges
      together with silk, as if sewn; esp., {Phoxopteris
      nubeculana}, which feeds upon the apple tree.

   {Leaf sight}, a hinges sight on a firearm, which can be
      raised or folded down.

   {Leaf trace} (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which
      may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a
      leaf.

   {Leaf tier} (Zo["o]l.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a
      nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk;
      esp., {Teras cinderella}, found on the apple tree.

   {Leaf valve}, a valve which moves on a hinge.

   {Leaf wasp} (Zo["o]l.), a sawfiy.

   {To turn over a new leaf}, to make a radical change for the
      better in one's way of living or doing. [Colloq.]

            They were both determined to turn over a new leaf.
                                                  --Richardson.



   {To turn one's coat}, to change one's uniform or colors; to
      go over to the opposite party.

   {To turn one's goods} or {money}, and the like, to exchange
      in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange or
      circulation; to gain or increase in trade.

   {To turn one's hand to}, to adapt or apply one's self to; to
      engage in.

   {To turn out}.
      (a) To drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of
          doors; to turn a man out of office.

                I'll turn you out of my kingdom.  -- Shak.
      (b) to put to pasture, as cattle or horses.
      (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of
          manufacture; to furnish in a completed state.
      (d) To reverse, as a pocket, bag, etc., so as to bring the
          inside to the outside; hence, to produce.
      (e) To cause to cease, or to put out, by turning a
          stopcock, valve, or the like; as, to turn out the
          lights.

   {To turn over}.
      (a) To change or reverse the position of; to overset; to
          overturn; to cause to roll over.
      (b) To transfer; as, to turn over business to another
          hand.
      (c) To read or examine, as a book, while, turning the
          leaves. ``We turned o'er many books together.''
          --Shak.
      (d) To handle in business; to do business to the amount
          of; as, he turns over millions a year. [Colloq.]

   {To turn over a new leaf}. See under {Leaf}.

   {To turn tail}, to run away; to retreat ignominiously.

   {To turn the back}, to flee; to retreat.

   {To turn the back on} or

   {upon}, to treat with contempt; to reject or refuse
      unceremoniously.

   {To turn the corner}, to pass the critical stage; to get by
      the worst point; hence, to begin to improve, or to
      succeed.

   {To turn the die} or {dice}, to change fortune.

   {To turn the edge} or {point of}, to bend over the edge or
      point of so as to make dull; to blunt.

   {To turn the head} or {brain of}, to make giddy, wild,
      insane, or the like; to infatuate; to overthrow the reason
      or judgment of; as, a little success turned his head.

   {To turn the scale} or {balance}, to change the
      preponderance; to decide or determine something doubtful.
      

   {To turn the stomach of}, to nauseate; to sicken.

   {To turn the tables}, to reverse the chances or conditions of
      success or superiority; to give the advantage to the
      person or side previously at a disadvantage.

   {To turn tippet}, to make a change. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.

   {To turn to} {profit, advantage}, etc., to make profitable or
      advantageous.

   {To turn up}.
      (a) To turn so as to bring the bottom side on top; as, to
          turn up the trump.
      (b) To bring from beneath to the surface, as in plowing,
          digging, etc.
      (c) To give an upward curve to; to tilt; as, to turn up
          the nose.

   {To turn upon}, to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the
      arguments of an opponent upon himself.

   {To turn upside down}, to confuse by putting things awry; to
      throw into disorder.

            This house is turned upside down since Robin Ostler
            died.                                 --Shak.