资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

By \By\ (b[imac]), prep. [OE. bi, AS. b[=i], big, near to, by,
   of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be,
   D. bij, OHG. b[=i], G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. 'amfi`.
   E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. [root]203. See pref.
   {Be-}.]
   1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from;
      close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. [1913
      Webster]

            By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them
            both.                                 --Milton.

   2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5.

            Long labors both by sea and land he bore. --Dryden.

            By land, by water, they renew the charge. --Pope.

   3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side
      of; past; as, to go by a church.

   4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty
      feet by forty.

   5. Against. [Obs.] --Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4].

   6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with
      aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city
      is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take
      by force.

   Note: To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency,
         belong, more or less closely, most of the following
         uses of the word:
      (a) It points out the author and producer; as,
          ``Waverley'', a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by
          Canova; a sonata by Beethoven.
      (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or
          thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by
          all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a
          Christian; no, by Heaven.
      (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of;
          after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his
          account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a
          model to build by.
      (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion
          of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth
          by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen,
          meat by the pound; to board by the year.
      (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or
          deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished,
          it indicates the measure of increase or diminution;
          as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen
          by a third.
      (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the
          course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night.
      (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in
          expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had
          risen; he will be here by two o'clock.

   Note: In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to,
         or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east,
         i.e., a point towards the east from the north;
         northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than
         northeast is.

   Note: With is used instead of by before the instrument with
         which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick;
         the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But
         there are many words which may be regarded as means or
         processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and
         whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter
         of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a
         reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire;
         he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them
         with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of
         his sufferings. see {With}.

   {By all means}, most assuredly; without fail; certainly.

   {By and by}.
      (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] ``Two yonge knightes
          liggyng [lying] by and by.'' --Chaucer.
      (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ``When . . . persecution
          ariseth because of the word, by and by he is
          offended.'' --Matt. xiii. 21.
      (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long.

   Note: In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of
         nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of
         emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ``soon, and
         soon,'' that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically,
         -- pretty soon, presently.

   {By one's self}, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.

   {By the bye}. See under {Bye}.

   {By the head} (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern;
      -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water
      than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the
      stern.

   {By the lee}, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she
      has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her
      stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side.

   {By the run}, to let go by the run, to let go altogether,
      instead of slacking off.

   {By the way}, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental
      or secondary remark or subject. 

   {Day by day}, {One by one}, {Piece by piece}, etc., each day,
      each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or
      separately; each severally.

   {To come by}, to get possession of; to obtain.

   {To do by}, to treat, to behave toward.

   {To set by}, to value, to esteem.

   {To stand by}, to aid, to support.

   Note: The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell,
         and would be better written good-bye, as it is a
         corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye).

Come \Come\, v. i. [imp. {Came}; p. p. {Come}; p. pr & vb. n.
   {Coming}.] [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS. kuman,
   D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan.
   komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. ? to go, Skr.
   gam. [root]23. Cf. {Base}, n., {Convene}, {Adventure}.]
   1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker,
      or some place or person indicated; -- opposed to go.

            Look, who comes yonder?               --Shak.

            I did not come to curse thee.         --Tennyson.

   2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive.

            When we came to Rome.                 --Acts xxviii.
                                                  16.

            Lately come from Italy.               --Acts xviii.
                                                  2.

   3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or from a
      distance. ``Thy kingdom come.'' --Matt. vi. 10.

            The hour is coming, and now is.       --John. v. 25.

            So quick bright things come to confusion. --Shak.

   4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the
      act of another.

            From whence come wars?                --James iv. 1.

            Both riches and honor come of thee !  --1 Chron.
                                                  xxix. 12.

   5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear.

            Then butter does refuse to come.      --Hudibras.

   6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; -- with
      a predicate; as, to come untied.

            How come you thus estranged?          --Shak.

            How come her eyes so bright?          --Shak.

   Note: Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of
         have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to
         be gives a clearer adjectival significance to the
         participle as expressing a state or condition of the
         subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the
         completion of the action signified by the verb.

               Think not that I am come to destroy. --Matt. v.
                                                  17.

               We are come off like Romans.       --Shak.

               The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the
               year.                              --Bryant.

   Note: Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking
         of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference
         to an approach to the person addressed; as, I shall
         come home next week; he will come to your house to-day.
         It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary,
         indicative of approach to the action or state expressed
         by the verb; as, how came you to do it? Come is used
         colloquially, with reference to a definite future time
         approaching, without an auxiliary; as, it will be two
         years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall
         come.

               They were cried In meeting, come next Sunday.
                                                  --Lowell.
         Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention,
         or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us
         go. ``This is the heir; come, let us kill him.''
         --Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses
         haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. ``Come,
         come, no time for lamentation now.'' --Milton.

   {To come}, yet to arrive, future. ``In times to come.''
      --Dryden. ``There's pippins and cheese to come.'' --Shak.

   {To come about}.
      (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as,
          how did these things come about?
      (b) To change; to come round; as, the ship comes about.
          ``The wind is come about.'' --Shak.

                On better thoughts, and my urged reasons, They
                are come about, and won to the true side. --B.
                                                  Jonson.

   {To come abroad}.
      (a) To move or be away from one's home or country. ``Am
          come abroad to see the world.'' --Shak.
      (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] ``Neither was
          anything kept secret, but that it should come
          abroad.'' --Mark. iv. 22.

   {To come across}, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or
      suddenly. ``We come across more than one incidental
      mention of those wars.'' --E. A. Freeman. ``Wagner's was
      certainly one of the strongest and most independent
      natures I ever came across.'' --H. R. Haweis.

   {To come after}.
      (a) To follow.
      (b) To come to take or to obtain; as, to come after a
          book.

   {To come again}, to return. ``His spirit came again and he
      revived.'' --Judges. xv. 19. - 

   {To come and go}.
      (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate.
          ``The color of the king doth come and go.'' --Shak.
      (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward.

   {To come at}.
      (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as, to
          come at a true knowledge of ourselves.
      (b) To come toward; to attack; as, he came at me with
          fury.

   {To come away}, to part or depart.

   {To come between}, to intervene; to separate; hence, to cause
      estrangement.

   {To come by}.
      (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. ``Examine how you came by
          all your state.'' --Dryden.
      (b) To pass near or by way of.

   {To come down}.
      (a) To descend.
      (b) To be humbled.

   {To come down upon}, to call to account, to reprimand.
      [Colloq.] --Dickens.

   {To come home}.
      (a) To return to one's house or family.
      (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the
          feelings, interest, or reason.
      (c) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; -- said of an
          anchor.

   {To come in}.
      (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. ``The thief cometh
          in.'' --Hos. vii. 1.
      (b) To arrive; as, when my ship comes in.
      (c) To assume official station or duties; as, when Lincoln
          came in.
      (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. ``We need not fear
          his coming in'' --Massinger.
      (e) To be brought into use. ``Silken garments did not come
          in till late.'' --Arbuthnot.
      (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of.
      (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment.
      (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as, the crops come in
          well.
      (i) To have sexual intercourse; -- with to or unto. --Gen.
          xxxviii. 16.
      (j) To have young; to bring forth; as, the cow will come
          in next May. [U. S.]

   {To come in for}, to claim or receive. ``The rest came in for
      subsidies.'' --Swift.

   {To come into}, to join with; to take part in; to agree to;
      to comply with; as, to come into a party or scheme.

   {To come it over}, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of.
      [Colloq.]

   {To come} {near or nigh}, to approach in place or quality; to
      be equal to. ``Nothing ancient or modern seems to come
      near it.'' --Sir W. Temple.

   {To come of}.
      (a) To descend or spring from. ``Of Priam's royal race my
          mother came.'' --Dryden.
      (b) To result or follow from. ``This comes of judging by
          the eye.'' --L'Estrange.

   {To come off}.
      (a) To depart or pass off from.
      (b) To get free; to get away; to escape.
      (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as, it came off
          well.
      (d) To acquit one's self; to issue from (a contest, etc.);
          as, he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a
          come-off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.]
      (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.]
      (f) To take place; to happen; as, when does the race come
          off?
      (g) To be or become after some delay; as, the weather came
          off very fine.
      (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to
          separate.
      (i) To hurry away; to get through. --Chaucer.

   {To come off by}, to suffer. [Obs.] ``To come off by the
      worst.'' --Calamy.

   {To come off from}, to leave. ``To come off from these grave
      disquisitions.'' --Felton.

   {To come on}.
      (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive.
      (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene.

   {To come out}.
      (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room,
          company, etc. ``They shall come out with great
          substance.'' --Gen. xv. 14.
      (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. ``It is
          indeed come out at last.'' --Bp. Stillingfleet.
      (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as, how will this
          affair come out? he has come out well at last.
      (d) To be introduced into society; as, she came out two
          seasons ago.
      (e) To appear; to show itself; as, the sun came out.
      (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as, he came out
          against the tariff.