资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Steam \Steam\, n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. ste['a]m
   vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps
   originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf.
   Gr. ? to erect, ? a pillar, and E. stand.]
   1. The elastic, a["e]riform fluid into which water is
      converted when heated to the boiling points; water in the
      state of vapor.

   2. The mist formed by condensed vapor; visible vapor; -- so
      called in popular usage.

   3. Any exhalation. ``A steam og rich, distilled perfumes.''
      --Milton.

   {Dry steam}, steam which does not contain water held in
      suspension mechanically; -- sometimes applied to
      superheated steam.

   {Exhaust steam}. See under {Exhaust}.

   {High steam}, or {High-pressure steam}, steam of which the
      pressure greatly exceeds that of the atmosphere.

   {Low steam}, or {Low-pressure steam}, steam of which the
      pressure is less than, equal to, or not greatly above,
      that of the atmosphere.

   {Saturated steam}, steam at the temperature of the boiling
      point which corresponds to its pressure; -- sometimes also
      applied to {wet steam}.

   {Superheated steam}, steam heated to a temperature higher
      than the boiling point corresponding to its pressure. It
      can not exist in contact with water, nor contain water,
      and resembles a perfect gas; -- called also {surcharged
      steam}, {anhydrous steam}, and {steam gas}.

   {Wet steam}, steam which contains water held in suspension
      mechanically; -- called also {misty steam}.

   Note: Steam is often used adjectively, and in combination, to
         denote, produced by heat, or operated by power, derived
         from steam, in distinction from other sources of power;
         as in steam boiler or steam-boiler, steam dredger or
         steam-dredger, steam engine or steam-engine, steam
         heat, steam plow or steam-plow, etc.

   {Steam blower}.
      (a) A blower for producing a draught consisting of a jet
          or jets of steam in a chimney or under a fire.
      (b) A fan blower driven directly by a steam engine.

   {Steam boiler}, a boiler for producing steam. See {Boiler},
      3, and Note. In the illustration, the shell a of the
      boiler is partly in section, showing the tubes, or flues,
      which the hot gases, from the fire beneath the boiler,
      enter, after traversing the outside of the shell, and
      through which the gases are led to the smoke pipe d, which
      delivers them to the chimney; b is the manhole; c the
      dome; e the steam pipe; f the feed and blow-off pipe; g
      the safety value; hthe water gauge.

   {Steam car}, a car driven by steam power, or drawn by a
      locomotive.

   {Steam carriage}, a carriage upon wheels moved on common
      roads by steam.

   {Steam casing}. See {Steam jacket}, under {Jacket}.

   {Steam chest}, the box or chamber from which steam is
      distributed to the cylinder of a steam engine, steam pump,
      etc., and which usually contains one or more values; --
      called also {valve chest}, and {valve box}. See Illust. of
      {Slide valve}, under {Slide}.

   {Steam chimney}, an annular chamber around the chimney of a
      boiler furnace, for drying steam.

   {Steam coil}, a coil of pipe, or collection of connected
      pipes, for containing steam; -- used for heating, drying,
      etc.

   {Steam colors} (Calico Printing), colors in which the
      chemical reaction fixed the coloring matter in the fiber
      is produced by steam.

   {Steam cylinder}, the cylinder of a steam engine, which
      contains the piston. See Illust. of {Slide valve}, under
      {Slide}.

   {Steam dome} (Steam Boilers), a chamber upon the top of the
      boiler, from which steam is conduced to the engine. See
      Illust. of Steam boiler, above.

   {Steam fire engine}, a fire engine consisting of a steam
      boiler and engine, and pump which is driven by the engine,
      combined and mounted on wheels. It is usually drawn by
      horses, but is sometimes made self-propelling.

   {Steam fitter}, a fitter of steam pipes.

   {Steam fitting}, the act or the occupation of a steam fitter;
      also, a pipe fitting for steam pipes.

   {Steam gas}. See {Superheated steam}, above.

   {Steam gauge}, an instrument for indicating the pressure of
      the steam in a boiler. The {mercurial steam gauge} is a
      bent tube partially filled with mercury, one end of which
      is connected with the boiler while the other is open to
      the air, so that the steam by its pressure raises the
      mercury in the long limb of the tume to a height
      proportioned to that pressure. A more common form,
      especially for high pressures, consists of a spring
      pressed upon by the steam, and connected with the pointer
      of a dial. The spring may be a flattened, bent tube,
      closed at one end, which the entering steam tends to
      straighten, or it may be a diaphragm of elastic metal, or
      a mass of confined air, etc.

   {Steam gun}, a machine or contrivance from which projectiles
      may be thrown by the elastic force of steam.

   {Steam hammer}, a hammer for forging, which is worked
      directly by steam; especially, a hammer which is guided
      vertically and operated by a vertical steam cylinder
      located directly over an anvil. In the variety known as
      Nasmyth's, the cylinder is fixed, and the hammer is
      attached to the piston rod. In that known as Condie's, the
      piston is fixed, and the hammer attached to the lower end
      of the cylinder.

   {Steam heater}.
      (a) A radiator heated by steam.
      (b) An apparatus consisting of a steam boiler, radiator,
          piping, and fixures for warming a house by steam.

   {Steam jacket}. See under {Jacket}.

   {Steam packet}, a packet or vessel propelled by steam, and
      running periodically between certain ports.

   {Steam pipe}, any pipe for conveying steam; specifically, a
      pipe through which steam is supplied to an engine.

   {Steam plow} or {plough}, a plow, or gang of plows, moved by
      a steam engine.

   {Steam port}, an opening for steam to pass through, as from
      the steam chest into the cylinder.

   {Steam power}, the force or energy of steam applied to
      produce results; power derived from a steam engine.

   {Steam propeller}. See {Propeller}.

   {Steam pump}, a small pumping engine operated by steam. It is
      usually direct-acting.

   {Steam room} (Steam Boilers), the space in the boiler above
      the water level, and in the dome, which contains steam.

   {Steam table}, a table on which are dishes heated by steam
      for keeping food warm in the carving room of a hotel,
      restaurant, etc.

   {Steam trap}, a self-acting device by means of which water
      that accumulates in a pipe or vessel containing steam will
      be discharged without permitting steam to escape.

   {Steam tug}, a steam vessel used in towing or propelling
      ships.

   {Steam vessel}, a vessel propelled by steam; a steamboat or
      steamship; -- a steamer.

   {Steam whistle}, an apparatus attached to a steam boiler, as
      of a locomotive, through which steam is rapidly
      discharged, producing a loud whistle which serves as a
      warning signal. The steam issues from a narrow annular
      orifice around the upper edge of the lower cup or
      hemisphere, striking the thin edge of the bell above it,
      and producing sound in the manner of an organ pipe or a
      common whistle.

Gauge \Gauge\, n. [Written also gage.]
   1. A measure; a standard of measure; an instrument to
      determine dimensions, distance, or capacity; a standard.

            This plate must be a gauge to file your worm and
            groove to equal breadth by.           --Moxon.

            There is not in our hands any fixed gauge of minds.
                                                  --I. Taylor.

   2. Measure; dimensions; estimate.

            The gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and
            contempt.                             --Burke.

   3. (Mach. & Manuf.) Any instrument for ascertaining or
      regulating the dimensions or forms of things; a templet or
      template; as, a button maker's gauge.

   4. (Physics) Any instrument or apparatus for measuring the
      state of a phenomenon, or for ascertaining its numerical
      elements at any moment; -- usually applied to some
      particular instrument; as, a rain gauge; a steam gauge.

   5. (Naut.)
      (a) Relative positions of two or more vessels with
          reference to the wind; as, a vessel has the weather
          gauge of another when on the windward side of it, and
          the lee gauge when on the lee side of it.
      (b) The depth to which a vessel sinks in the water.
          --Totten.

   6. The distance between the rails of a railway.

   Note: The standard gauge of railroads in most countries is
         four feet, eight and one half inches. Wide, or broad,
         gauge, in the United States, is six feet; in England,
         seven feet, and generally any gauge exceeding standard
         gauge. Any gauge less than standard gauge is now called
         narrow gauge. It varies from two feet to three feet six
         inches.

   7. (Plastering) The quantity of plaster of Paris used with
      common plaster to accelerate its setting.

   8. (Building) That part of a shingle, slate, or tile, which
      is exposed to the weather, when laid; also, one course of
      such shingles, slates, or tiles.

   {Gauge of a carriage}, {car}, etc., the distance between the
      wheels; -- ordinarily called the {track}.

   {Gauge cock}, a stop cock used as a try cock for ascertaining
      the height of the water level in a steam boiler.

   {Gauge concussion} (Railroads), the jar caused by a car-wheel
      flange striking the edge of the rail.

   {Gauge glass}, a glass tube for a water gauge.

   {Gauge lathe}, an automatic lathe for turning a round object
      having an irregular profile, as a baluster or chair round,
      to a templet or gauge.

   {Gauge point}, the diameter of a cylinder whose altitude is
      one inch, and contents equal to that of a unit of a given
      measure; -- a term used in gauging casks, etc.

   {Gauge rod}, a graduated rod, for measuring the capacity of
      barrels, casks, etc.

   {Gauge saw}, a handsaw, with a gauge to regulate the depth of
      cut. --Knight.

   {Gauge stuff}, a stiff and compact plaster, used in making
      cornices, moldings, etc., by means of a templet.

   {Gauge wheel}, a wheel at the forward end of a plow beam, to
      determine the depth of the furrow.

   {Joiner's gauge}, an instrument used to strike a line
      parallel to the straight side of a board, etc.

   {Printer's gauge}, an instrument to regulate the length of
      the page.

   {Rain gauge}, an instrument for measuring the quantity of
      rain at any given place.

   {Salt gauge}, or {Brine gauge}, an instrument or contrivance
      for indicating the degree of saltness of water from its
      specific gravity, as in the boilers of ocean steamers.

   {Sea gauge}, an instrument for finding the depth of the sea.
      

   {Siphon gauge}, a glass siphon tube, partly filled with
      mercury, -- used to indicate pressure, as of steam, or the
      degree of rarefaction produced in the receiver of an air
      pump or other vacuum; a manometer.

   {Sliding gauge}. (Mach.)
      (a) A templet or pattern for gauging the commonly accepted
          dimensions or shape of certain parts in general use,
          as screws, railway-car axles, etc.
      (b) A gauge used only for testing other similar gauges,
          and preserved as a reference, to detect wear of the
          working gauges.
      (c) (Railroads) See Note under {Gauge}, n., 5.

   {Star gauge} (Ordnance), an instrument for measuring the
      diameter of the bore of a cannon at any point of its
      length.

   {Steam gauge}, an instrument for measuring the pressure of
      steam, as in a boiler.

   {Tide gauge}, an instrument for determining the height of the
      tides.

   {Vacuum gauge}, a species of barometer for determining the
      relative elasticities of the vapor in the condenser of a
      steam engine and the air.

   {Water gauge}.
      (a) A contrivance for indicating the height of a water
          surface, as in a steam boiler; as by a gauge cock or
          glass.
      (b) The height of the water in the boiler.

   {Wind gauge}, an instrument for measuring the force of the
      wind on any given surface; an anemometer.

   {Wire gauge}, a gauge for determining the diameter of wire or
      the thickness of sheet metal; also, a standard of size.
      See under {Wire}.