资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

   Note: This term was adopted by Wollaston to avoid using the
         conjectural expression atomic weight, with which,
         however, for a time it was practically synonymous. The
         attempt to limit the term to the meaning of a
         universally comparative combining weight failed,
         because of the possibility of several compounds of the
         substances by reason of the variation in combining
         power which most elements exhibit. The equivalent was
         really identical with, or a multiple of submultiple of,
         the atomic weight.

   3. (Chem.) A combining unit, whether an atom, a radical, or a
      molecule; as, in acid salt two or more equivalents of acid
      unite with one or more equivalents of base.

   {Mechanical equivalent of heat} (Physics), the number of
      units of work which the unit of heat can perform; the
      mechanical energy which must be expended to raise the
      temperature of a unit weight of water from 0[deg] C. to
      1[deg] C., or from 32[deg] F. to 33[deg] F. The term was
      introduced by Dr. Mayer of Heilbronn. Its value was found
      by Joule to be 1390 foot pounds upon the Centigrade, or
      772 foot pounds upon the Fahrenheit, thermometric scale,
      whence it is often called {Joule's equivalent}, and
      represented by the symbol J. This is equal to 424 kilogram
      meters (Centigrade scale). A more recent determination by
      Professor Rowland gives the value 426.9 kilogram meters,
      for the latitude of Baltimore.

Heat \Heat\, n. [OE. hete, h[ae]te, AS. h?tu, h?to, fr. h[=a]t
   hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede, Sw. hetta. See
   {Hot}.]
   1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects,
      but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation,
      and which, as manifested in fire, the sun's rays,
      mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes
      directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its
      nature heat is a mode if motion, being in general a form
      of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly
      supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was
      given the name caloric.

   Note: As affecting the human body, heat produces different
         sensations, which are called by different names, as
         heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to
         its degree or amount relatively to the normal
         temperature of the body.

   2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat
      when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human
      body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire,
      the sun's rays, etc.; the reverse of cold.

   3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature,
      or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter;
      heat of the skin or body in fever, etc.

            Else how had the world . . . Avoided pinching cold
            and scorching heat!                   --Milton.

   4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or
      color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness;
      high color; flush; degree of temperature to which
      something is heated, as indicated by appearance,
      condition, or otherwise.

            It has raised . . . heats in their faces. --Addison.

            The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red
            heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparking or welding
            heat.                                 --Moxon.

   5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or
      in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number
      of heats.

   6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single
      course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as,
      he won two heats out of three.

            Many causes . . . for refreshment betwixt the heats.
                                                  --Dryden.

            [He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of
            ``Tam o'Shanter.''                    --J. C.
                                                  Shairp.

   7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle
      or party. ``The heat of their division.'' --Shak.

   8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement;
      exasperation. ``The head and hurry of his rage.'' --South.

   9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency.

            With all the strength and heat of eloquence.
                                                  --Addison.

   10. Sexual excitement in animals.

   11. Fermentation.

   {Animal heat}, {Blood heat}, {Capacity for heat}, etc. See
      under {Animal}, {Blood}, etc.

   {Atomic heat} (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying
      the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The
      atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant,
      the mean value being 6.4.

   {Dynamical theory of heat}, that theory of heat which assumes
      it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar
      motion of the ultimate particles of matter.

   {Heat engine}, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as
      a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion
      to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine.

   {Heat producers}. (Physiol.) See under {Food}.

   {Heat rays}, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red
      end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible
      spectrum.

   {Heat weight} (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by
      the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute
      temperature; -- called also {thermodynamic function}, and
      {entropy}.

   {Mechanical equivalent of heat}. See under {Equivalent}.

   {Specific heat of a substance} (at any temperature), the
      number of units of heat required to raise the temperature
      of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one
      degree.

   {Unit of heat}, the quantity of heat required to raise, by
      one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water,
      initially at a certain standard temperature. The
      temperature usually employed is that of 0[deg] Centigrade,
      or 32[deg] Fahrenheit.