资料来源 : Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)

Draught \Draught\, n. [The same as draft, the spelling with gh
   indicating an older pronunciation. See {Draft}, n., {Draw}.]
   1. The act of drawing or pulling; as:
      (a) The act of moving loads by drawing, as by beasts of
          burden, and the like.

                A general custom of using oxen for all sort of
                draught would be, perhaps, the greatest
                improvement.                      --Sir W.
                                                  Temple.
      (b) The drawing of a bowstring. [Obs.]

                She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught.
                                                  --Spenser.
      (c) Act of drawing a net; a sweeping the water for fish.

                Upon the draught of a pond, not one fish was
                left.                             --Sir M. Hale.
      (d) The act of drawing liquor into the mouth and throat;
          the act of drinking.

                In his hands he took the goblet, but a while the
                draught forbore.                  --Trench.
      (e) A sudden attack or drawing upon an enemy. [Obs.]

                By drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy when
                he looketh not for you.           --Spenser.
      (f) (Mil.) The act of selecting or detaching soldiers; a
          draft (see {Draft}, n., 2)
      (g) The act of drawing up, marking out, or delineating;
          representation. --Dryden.

   2. That which is drawn; as:
      (a) That which is taken by sweeping with a net.

                Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets
                for a draught.                    --Luke v. 4.

                He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which
                brought him a very great draught. --L'Estrange.
      (b) (Mil.) The force drawn; a detachment; -- in this sense
          usually written draft.
      (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or
          potation.

                Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery, .
                . . still thou art a bitter draught. --Sterne.

                Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts
                inspired.                         --Goldsmith.
      (d) A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written,
          designed, or drawn; a delineation.

                A draught of a Toleration Act was offered to the
                Parliament by a private member.   --Macaulay.

                No picture or draught of these things from the
                report of the eye.                --South.
      (e) (Com.) An order for the payment of money; -- in this
          sense almost always written draft.
      (f) A current of air moving through an inclosed place, as
          through a room or up a chimney. --Thackeray.

                He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs, in .
                . . a strong draught of air, until he was again
                sent for.                         --Dickens.

   3. That which draws; as:
      (a) A team of oxen or horses. --Blackstone.
      (b) A sink or drain; a privy. --Shak. --Matt. xv. 17.
      (c) pl. (Med.) A mild vesicatory; a sinapism; as, to apply
          draughts to the feet.

   4. Capacity of being drawn; force necessary to draw;
      traction.

            The Hertfordshire wheel plow . . . is of the easiest
            draught.                              --Mortimer.

   5. (Naut.) The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or
      the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden;
      as, a ship of twelve feet draught.

   6. (Com.) An allowance on weighable goods. [Eng.] See
      {Draft}, 4.

   7. A move, as at chess or checkers. [Obs.] --Chaucer.

   8. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, in order
      that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the
      mold.

   9. (Masonry) See {Draft}, n., 7.

   {Angle of draught}, the angle made with the plane over which
      a body is drawn by the line in which the pulling force
      acts, when the latter has the direction best adapted to
      overcome the obstacles of friction and the weight of the
      body.

   {Black draught}. See under {Black}, a.

   {Blast draught}, or {Forced draught}, the draught produced by
      a blower, as by blowing in air beneath a fire or drawing
      out the gases from above it.

   {Natural draught}, the draught produced by the atmosphere
      flowing, by its own weight, into a chimney wherein the air
      is rarefied by heat.

   {On draught}, so as to be drawn from the wood (as a cask,
      barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled; as, ale
      on draught.

   {Sheer draught}. See under {Sheer}.

Black \Black\, a. [OE. blak, AS. bl[ae]c; akin to Icel. blakkr
   dark, swarthy, Sw. bl["a]ck ink, Dan. bl[ae]k, OHG. blach,
   LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS.
   bl[=a]c, E. bleak pallid. ?98.]
   1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the
      color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark
      color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a
      color; as, black cloth; black hair or eyes.

            O night, with hue so black!           --Shak.

   2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in
      darkness; very dark or gloomy; as, a black night; the
      heavens black with clouds.

            I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud.
                                                  --Shak.

   3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness;
      destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked;
      cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. ``This day's black
      fate.'' ``Black villainy.'' ``Arise, black vengeance.''
      ``Black day.'' ``Black despair.'' --Shak.

   4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen;
      foreboding; as, to regard one with black looks.

   Note: Black is often used in self-explaining compound words;
         as, black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired,
         black-visaged.

   {Black act}, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a
      felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to
      hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or
      disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for
      malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been
      called black acts.

   {Black angel} (Zo["o]l.), a fish of the West Indies and
      Florida ({Holacanthus tricolor}), with the head and tail
      yellow, and the middle of the body black.

   {Black antimony} (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony,
      {Sb2S3}, used in pyrotechnics, etc.

   {Black bear} (Zo["o]l.), the common American bear ({Ursus
      Americanus}).

   {Black beast}. See {B[^e]te noire}.

   {Black beetle} (Zo["o]l.), the common large cockroach
      ({Blatta orientalis}).

   {Black and blue}, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh,
      which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. ``To pinch
      the slatterns black and blue.'' --Hudibras.

   {Black bonnet} (Zo["o]l.), the black-headed bunting ({Embriza
      Sch[oe]niclus}) of Europe.

   {Black canker}, a disease in turnips and other crops,
      produced by a species of caterpillar.

   {Black cat} (Zo["o]l.), the fisher, a quadruped of North
      America allied to the sable, but larger. See {Fisher}.

   {Black cattle}, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in
      distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.]

   {Black cherry}. See under {Cherry}.

   {Black cockatoo} (Zo["o]l.), the palm cockatoo. See
      {Cockatoo}.

   {Black copper}. Same as {Melaconite}.

   {Black currant}. (Bot.) See {Currant}.

   {Black diamond}. (Min.) See {Carbonado}.

   {Black draught} (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of
      senna and magnesia.

   {Black drop} (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation
      consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar.
      

   {Black earth}, mold; earth of a dark color. --Woodward.

   {Black flag}, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a
      skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance.

   {Black flea} (Zo["o]l.), a flea beetle ({Haltica nemorum})
      injurious to turnips.

   {Black flux}, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal,
      obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of
      niter. --Brande & C.

   {Black fly}. (Zo["o]l.)
      (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged
          fly of the genus {Simulium} of several species,
          exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern
          forests. The larv[ae] are aquatic.
      (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis ({A. fab[ae]}).
          

   {Black Forest} [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in
      Baden and W["u]rtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient
      Hercynian forest.

   {Black game}, or {Black grouse}. (Zo["o]l.) See {Blackcock},
      {Grouse}, and {Heath grouse}.

   {Black grass} (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species {Juncus
      Gerardi}, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay.

   {Black gum} (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or
      pepperidge. See {Tupelo}.

   {Black Hamburg (grape)} (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of
      dark purple or ``black'' grape.

   {Black horse} (Zo["o]l.), a fish of the Mississippi valley
      ({Cycleptus elongatus}), of the sucker family; the
      Missouri sucker.

   {Black lemur} (Zo["o]l.), the {Lemurniger} of Madagascar; the
      {acoumbo} of the natives.

   {Black list}, a list of persons who are for some reason
      thought deserving of censure or punishment; -- esp. a list
      of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made
      for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See
      {Blacklist}, v. t.

   {Black manganese} (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese,
      {MnO2}.

   {Black Maria}, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried
      to or from jail.

   {Black martin} (Zo["o]l.), the chimney swift. See {Swift}.

   {Black moss} (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the
      southern United States. See {Tillandsia}.

   {Black oak}. See under {Oak}.

   {Black ocher}. See {Wad}.

   {Black pigment}, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance,
      or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of
      printers' ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar.
      

   {Black plate}, sheet iron before it is tinned. --Knight.

   {Black quarter}, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a
      shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox.

   {Black rat} (Zo["o]l.), one of the species of rats ({Mus
      rattus}), commonly infesting houses.

   {Black rent}. See {Blackmail}, n., 3.

   {Black rust}, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist
      matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain.

   {Black sheep}, one in a family or company who is unlike the
      rest, and makes trouble.

   {Black silver}. (Min.) See under {Silver}.

   {Black and tan}, black mixed or spotted with tan color or
      reddish brown; -- used in describing certain breeds of
      dogs.

   {Black tea}. See under {Tea}.

   {Black tin} (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed,
      stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form
      of a black powder, like fine sand. --Knight.

   {Black walnut}. See under {Walnut}.

   {Black warrior} (Zo["o]l.), an American hawk ({Buteo
      Harlani}).

   Syn: Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart;
        Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious.